Just Noticeable Difference (JND) – The smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect. The Absolute Threshold is the Stimulus Intensity detected 50% of the time. As Stimulus Intensity Increases, the Subject’s probability to responding to Stimuli Gradually increases. Absolute Threshold – Minimum Stimulus Intensity that an Organism can detect. Question: For any Given Sense, what is the weakest detectable Stimulus? Wilhelm Wundt based lots of research upon Fechner. Psychophysics Psychologists in 1860’s at University of Leipzig. Psychophysics - Study of how physical stimuli are translated into Psychological Experience.Perception – the Selection, Organization, and interpretation of Sensory Input.Sensation – The Stimulation of Sense Organs.After testing, they found that the population from the area (though having never themselves encountered a predator) learned to avoid predator attacks quicker than the other population. Ex: if their study shows a prey organism its usual predator but makes it so that the predator cannot reach the prey, it would be bad if the prey becomes habituated to the predator and does not avoid it in the future Another example is animals that are rehabilitated in captivation and then released into the wild Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning stick example Conditioned stimulus Unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response Unconditioned response Appetitive stimulus: Any stimulus that is considered positive, rewarding, or pleasant Aversive stimulus: Any stimulus that is considered negative Excitatory versus inhibitory conditioning Overshadowing, blocking, latent inhibition Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning AKA learning Must do something whereas in Classical, they do not have to do anything cat puzzle boxes Law of effect: If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed a positive event, the association between the stimulus and the response will be strengthened (if the stimulus is aversive, the response is weakened Skinner Box Operant response Why Animals Learn Within Species Studies and the Evolution of Learning rats Extinction curves: Graphical representations of the weakening and then ending of paired associations Stomapod study: After four weeks (the time in which the newborn stomapods would leave their cavity), the parent stomapods do not appear to recognize one another Population Comparisons and the Evolution of Learning Learning, foraging, and group living in doves Study showed that group living doves learned a behavior quicker than doves from the territorial population Learning and behavior in sticklebacks A study composed of two stickleback populations: one from a area and one from a predator free area. 5: Learning Facial learning in paper wasps What Is Individual Learning? Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience Phenotype: An observable characteristic of an organism Phenotypic plasticity: An ability to produce different phenotypes as a result of different environments All learning is a type of phenotypic plasticity, but not all phenotypic plasticity is a kind of learning How Animals Learn and From a Experience Simplest experience that can result in learning Sensitization: Becoming more sensitive to the stimulus over time Habituation: Becoming less likely to a stimulus over time At times, experimenters need to go to great lengths to ensure that habituation does occur.
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